Advertisement from Cosmopolitan

Introduction There are a number of advertisements that contain educative and informative visual and written elements which perform many functions. In this paper, one particular ad will be analyzed and evaluated in order to define what key signs make this ad powerful, what cultural codes help to comprehend the message of the ad, and what arguments may be used to prove the correctness and reliability of the chosen image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisement from Cosmopolitan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The popular English-language magazine Cosmopolitan is chosen for the analysis; among the variety of ads which are presented in Cosmopolitan, it is not very easy to chose the one and prove that the chosen image is the best for the analysis. However, taking into consideration the idea that ads have to contain a number of signs and message to people, the ad with Jude Law who advertises Dior is chosen. Semi otics itself represents a kind of social interaction that should happen between an individual who observe this ad and the sign that is offered in a variety of interpretations. In this paper, the analysis of the ad from Cosmopolitan will be organized: this ad is both male- and female-based because women can find Jude Law attractive and stylish person with proper taste and ideas, and men may comprehend what kind of perfume is possible to use and become a true â€Å"modern† (Figure 1) man. Discussion Identification of key signs. The advertised product under consideration, â€Å"Dior Homme Intense†, has a number of signs whose meanings introduce a kind of favourable impression on people and underline masculine context in which it is presented. Semiotic analysis evaluates a number of signs in the chosen societal society and turns out to be helpful for those who want to comprehend the essence of the ad under discussion and the purposes of its message. Signs of advertisement are not independent from the context they are presented in. At the chosen semiotic level, it is possible to identify the following signs: the picture of Jude Law that introduces the image of a handsome, smart, intelligent, and stylish man who makes use of the perfume and achieves success in this life; white background that proves that nothing else is as important and significant as Dior; the chosen slogan â€Å"the essence of modern man† (Figure 1); and finally, the bottle of the perfume itself that informs people how Dior looks like. Ferdinand de Saussure identifies two integral parts of any sign in the ad that are the form of the sign and the concept of the sign (Sebeok 2001), this is why it becomes very important to interpret each sign and its part in a proper way. Interpretation of signs. There are four main signs in the chosen ad, and each of them has its own meaning (connotation) and function. First, the image of the man, Jude Law attracts the attention. The chosen perf umes are for men; and it is necessary to choose a successful handsome and attractive person who may prove that this choice is justified.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jude Law meets all these demands, this is why his image should attract the attention of many women who would like to buy Dior to their men and help them to become better, and male audience should be interested in the production because Law demonstrates good tastes, awesome achievements, and popularity among women. White background is one more powerful sign that explains that nothing should matter when perfumes are presented. The chosen background makes the viewer focus his/her attention on the person and the production, and nothing more. The written effect is the sign that should inspire people to buy this perfume and be encouraged with the hope to be called a modern man, a stylish man, a successful man. Finally, the bottle of Dior itself is the main sign of the ad that shows what action should be taken to achieve the desirable glory and success. Jude Law is the central but not the only main character of this ad. Dior is the key to male success and recognition. It exists, it looks attractive, and it waits for all men to use it and be improved. Signs’ analysis. With the help of this ad, a good understanding of the effects of signs’ combination is demonstrated. First, the use is metaphor is evident: Dior is not only the perfume that has to be used by people on ordinary basics; Dior depicts â€Å"the essence of modern man† (Figure 1), and this essence may be observed though the image of Jude Law. Elegant suit, kind look, slim figure, and bright shoes – all this makes a man real and successful. There are no colours around just black and white, and that gold bottle of perfume that is advertised. The idea of choice, preference, and clarity are the main semiotic concepts wh ich are used in the ad. The idea to choose concrete colours proves that nothing else is important right now, no other colours, tastes, and principles matter. There is one choice, one idea, and one decision to become a modern man, and this idea is justified by properly chosen colours, clothes, and words (the main semiotic concepts). Cultural codes. Stuart Hall (1997) admits that it is not always easy to define cultural codes because their function is to underline the obvious structure of the ad.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisement from Cosmopolitan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of such codes like colours (white and black to underline reality and dispose all possible distractions), chosen language (brief, accurate, and meaningful words to introduce the image), and location (words are at the foot, man is at the centre, and perfumes are on the left but still the most noticeable and colourful). R elevant concepts of the chosen ad are connected to fashion and style that is inherent to people. The chosen codes and signs are perfectly combined in order to explain people how important fashion is nowadays. The relation between the text and the culture presented is clear: if you want to be stylish and recognizable, you are welcome to use this perfume and become better. Jude Law has already made his decision, and his popularity is one of the best evidences. Now other men should try this and make some changes in their lives. Conventions and discourses of the ad. In our modern world, people make a considerable use of magazine advertisement in order to find out what is in fashion, what is better to use, what is more effective, and what makes this life more amazing, captivating, and worthy of attention. Usually magazines are gender specific, and Cosmopolitan is one of those sources where interesting information for both men and women who are interested in fashion and style may be found . If a person is stylish, aware about fashionable trades, and eager to get the best profession, Cosmopolitan is the magazine with ads and facts reliable. This ad meets all conventions and principles of modern world. There are no extra words which may be used to attract attention: everything is clear and understandable, and if a person is eager to use the advertised ad because of the discourse presented, the effectiveness of such ad is proved. The broader discourse of the ad is possible in the field of fashion, style, and tastes which are chosen by people. Conclusion In general, the overall effect of the ad and its signs and codes is positive. People like fashion; they always want to know more and use real-life examples as powerful trends and proofs of their actions. Chosen colours, person, and background seem to be perfect for this ad because nothing could be add to improve the advertisement and everything is as clear as it should be to attract people, prove them that this choice is good enough, and make them believe that the power of perfume is great for the world we live in. Reference List Hall, Stuart. â€Å"The Work of Representation† in his Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices†. London: Sage Open University Press, 1997Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sebeok, Albert. Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Appendix Figure 1: Advertisement This essay on Advertisement from Cosmopolitan was written and submitted by user Illuminati to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Concepts of Professionalism

Concepts of Professionalism Introduction For any field of knowledge to be functional and meaningful it has to have practitioners in that area that must follow specific ethics and values specific to their areas of specializations. It is important to note that, although different professions have commonalities among their ethics, each of the professions has a class of unique ethics and values that identifies practitioners in that specific field.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is good to note that, practitioners in these fields not only work to gain good remuneration packages, but also they are involved in extensive researches; a practice aimed at improving and enhancing knowledge in their fields. Generally, professionals regardless of their areas of specialization must have cognitive and academic competence and a set of principles not only defined by their areas of spec ialization, but also intrinsically driven (Clark and Kasar pp.5-7). When individuals decide to be professionals in a specific field, then it means they are ready to sacrifice all that is at their disposal to make sure their professions shine, hence a factor necessitating one at all times to perform work with integrity and dedication. In addition, to self-interest and personal achievement, professionally individuals should create lasting relationships with not only those they work with, but also those they are serving. This is because, in case conflicting issues exists among a cohort of workers, then resulting conflicts can impair the quality and quantity of work output. Hence, if professional cannot fight to ensure they maximise their work output and competencies, then what is the essence of individuals calling themselves professionals? On the other hand, it is necessary to note that, all professional services main aim is to aid community development and peaceful coexistence, a fact or that will improve the nature of relationships that will exist among community members. Hence, in trying to maintain this contract with the community, it is important for all professionals to ensure whatever principles, moral ethics, or values they embrace fit societal wants and needs (Cunningham pp.6-9).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Professionalism in Education Educators play several roles dictated either by professional ethics or by societal needs. For example in an elementary school, although teachers main role is to deliver knowledge, they also have other duties that include acting as a surrogate parents, disciplinarians, motivators, and many other roles that depend on specific societies. This is because, students take more time with teachers than they do with their parents. Therefore, this makes it important for teachers to try and formulate mechanisms of balancing students needs and their professionalism. It is important to note here that, as compared to other professions, this profession entails many ethical concerns because to students teachers are a representation of the society; hence, students will always follow what teachers do. Essentials of Professionalism in Education As professionalism dictates all practitioners in any fields must have the competence required for effective work performance, a factor that education embraces. Depending on ones area of jurisdiction, requirements for one to function effectively as a teacher vary. These requirements include postgraduate diplomas, degrees (masters or PhDs), diplomas, certificate and other qualifications in education. Although this is the case, teaching ethics of different areas or countries do not vary very much primarily because, the profession aims to mould learners who can work in any social-economic conditions. In addition to these varying qualifications, because of the changing natu re of lifestyles and technology, it is important for teachers to have additional trainings in other fields for example, information technology. The trainings not only are they of purpose to teachers in terms of knowledge development or improvement, but also are important aids of enhancing quality content and value delivery. On the other hand, because learning has no end, this profession involves the attending of other training sessions that ensure teachers stay up to date with current information, an important prerequisite for dealing with learners problems. For example, in the field of medicine presently, due to emerging complex health complications globally, it is important for teachers in this field to update themselves with new knowledge, for them to be able to mould students who meet current health needs (Robson pp. 7-14).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is important to note that, competency is not all being well educated and having professional certificates, but rather the whole process involves the ability to deliver whatever content the core curriculum specifies. Different professionals have the power to deliver their services according to their best means, where education is not an exception. However, although this is the case, educators must bear in mind that, whatever they do learners will copy direct and include the same in their real professional jobs, hence the need to use their best means. This adopted strategy should ensure content delivery occurs within preferred and standard conditions, which can help learners of different capabilities to cope up; hence effective and meaningful learning experiences (Whitty p.1). Professional behaviour is another important aspect of this field. Practically, it is a little bit hard to clearly define a set of conduct that educators must follow. In addition, before defin ing this set of conduct, it is important for all educators to note that, learners always copy whatever they do in any scenario. This ranges from the mode of ones conduct either in class or out of class, language characteristics, and general behaviour in terms of temperament, attitude, morals, and principles. Honestly speaking, following professional conduct is one of the most difficult tasks because of the differences in learners backgrounds; where learners have different ways of interpreting occurrences in their immediate environments. Although this is the case, it is important for practitioners in this field to correctly depict and predict learners demographics; hence, formulate mechanisms of dealing with these differences among different learners. In addition to ensuring, they maintain professional behaviours in presence of learners; educators must always ensure that whatever aspect of behaviour they adopt should fit the values of the society to which they are offering their serv ices. This is because, considering most societal settings, educators are always on the sport light, owing to the fact that, the society treats them as role models.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to multiple roles that educators must perform, there is need for them to be dedicated and responsible in their duties. Responsibility not only entails following or performing as per set goals and standards, but rather it means that, educators must be ready to deliver or perform beyond set goals. This is only achievable if individuals handle duties managements have assigned them obeying their intrinsic motivators rather than extrinsic motivators. In addition, dedication entails the performing of duties in a way individuals could attend to their personal issues. The greatest motivator of this profession is that, whatever the competence an educator imparts in learners not only benefits them solely, but also it contributes to the overall development of the society. On the other hand, it is essential for practitioners in this field to note that, responsibility does not only guarantee achievement of educational goals, but also it contributes to individuals self growth and image enhanc ement, which translates to a good professional image. In addition to competence, behavioural orientation, responsibility and dedication professionally, all educators must ensure their life both inside and outside the class is organized. For example, in qualifying graduates in all institutions, administrations must use all performance records. However, in case of carelessness by some tutor and these records are not present then the teaching profession is at stake. This is because whatever happens after this like a scenario will not only taint the name of the teacher and the learning institution, but also will taint the name of the teaching profession; something that all individuals should aim to eliminate in their daily undertakings. Although a challenging task to meet many qualities associated with the teaching profession, it is important for all individuals in this profession to delicate their efforts to the profession; hence formulate mechanisms of meeting societal needs through i mparting correct skills in learners. This is because; education is the fundamental prerequisite for any societal development and success achievement. Professionalisation of Education Considering the nature of changes that have occurred in present education systems, it is important for governments to professionalize education, in the sense that, it is the primary determinant of a societies well being. In addition, considering the roles education plays in our contemporary society, it is important for it to have bodies that should manage its affairs and ensure all practitioners in the field meet specific standards. This is important in that, not only does it ensure the law protects practitioners in this field, but also it will act as a motivator towards goal achievement; hence, the bettering of educational experiences and knowledge. For education to be practical and utilitarian there is need to include meaningful learning experiences, a factor that will make the profession to be of goo d integrity and competence. The professionalisation process primarily encompasses the setting and implementation of good standards, principles and qualifications that all teachers must meet, for them to maintain the competence that the profession dictates. In addition, the process involves the formation of both internal and external working bodies that will manage all activities of the profession. These activities include setting of working standards and ethics, rules and procedures that practitioners in this field must follow. The professionalisation process is very crucial in that, it helps to differentiate between amateurs in the education profession and qualified individuals who are ready to work using all that is at their disposal to achieve academic competence (Siriwardena pp.235-245). On the other hand, the professionalisation process has many associated advantages namely: increased benefits, proper management of conflicting issues, education quality improvement, and improved self-esteem of members of the professional class. This is because these bodies will protect their autonomy and protect their well-being. One main factor that makes professionalisation a necessity is the changing trends in forms of educational orientation. In the past, the overall role of education delivery rested solely on parents and elders, a factor that has undergone transformation with globalisation. Currently, many education developments have introduced new concepts in education; hence, making it necessary for establishment of concrete standards and bodies that take the overall responsibility of ensuring educational experiences remains meaningful. In addition, centralisation of education management in many governments has made the process of professionalizing education a hard task because governments solely formulate policies without consulting educators. In addition, due to the enormous contribution made by educators to the social, economic, and political conditions of societ ies, there is need for increased teacher preparation for them to work effectively and professionally in their distinct areas, something that is achievable via professionalizing education. How to Professionalise Education Educational professionalization should commence from the nature of trainings offered to teachers. In the present changing times, there exist great variations among different learner needs, considering that learners grow in different and unique environments. Therefore, this makes it important for integration of professionalization in training centres, where trainers should emphasise the need of meeting all learners needs. This will make learning meaningful and of value not only to learners, but also the entire community. For governments to achieve this, then they must accord all scholars their rightful positions as concerns reforms. It is important to note that, by giving educators the right to participate in reforms, likelihoods of success of formulated programs are high. This is because when educators themselves give decisions on radical changes that education policy makers must include in the curriculum, implementation such curriculum is easy. To ensure that original skills learnt by teachers receive continuous upgrading to meet current global economic, social, and political standards, government should come up with correct strategies of formulating building capacities for example, the application of communication technologies. This will aid the extension of teacher education, hence guaranteeing that all practitioners in the education field are qualified and meet specific standards, something that clearly defines professionalisation. Trainings and continuous upgrading of skills cannot act on their own without extensive researches in this profession. This is because there is a clear shift from the tradition rote learning method to more advanced learning methods, which dictate constant and renewed skill development. Therefore, this calls for n eed of extensive researches in this profession, something that will contribute to its upgrading and advancement; hence meet all learner needs and aspirations (Whitehead and Hartley pp. 147-157). For example, the use of the Reggio Emilia technique of teaching is a practical example of a research got technique that not only ensures learning is meaningful, but also ensures there exist good connections between learning environments, classroom settings and surrounding communities. To ensure that practitioners in education deliver the required standards, governments have to establish ways of creating teacher bodies and councils, which will undertake the overall role of ensuring educators perform to their uttermost potentials. Depending on the level of learning, it is important for governments to include not only education stakeholders views, but also their membership in this overseeing leadership groups (Mawhinney pp. 36-47). Factors Influencing Professionalisation Although the concept of education professionalization sounds an easy task, in reality it has many associated concepts that make it a subject of debate among many scholars. For example, majority of educational concepts are theoretical, hence creating a broad difference between theory and real practise as concerns professional development. From research findings, there exist dismal participation of professionals in this field a fact that majority of them attribute to the un-worthiness of such programmes. This makes it hard to professionalise education because for it to fit in the class of other professions, it must have certain qualities, where career development is a primary need. Another major factor influencing teacher professionalism is the organisational cultures of majority of schools. Depending on an institutions’ culture and educational orientation, some schools may have enhancement opportunities where as some may lack completely. This is many ways hinders the professional development of educ ators. For schools that offer advancements opportunities such as trainings, and career enhancement packages their performance is high in terms of educational delivery. This is because majority of such educators acquire extensive and better competencies that are necessary for an ever-changing society. Majority of schools with such professional development opportunities have well defined leadership roles; hence, guaranteeing educators freedom to express their concerns and needs, a factor that encourages professional advancement. Politics is another major influencing factor to professionalisation. This is because politics primarily determine the amount of resources that a country allocates educational development. In addition, politics many other influences on educational unions running, a factor that hinders teachers for expressing their ideas when it comes to policy development and implementation. Another common factor affecting professionalisation of education is the imbalances that exist between the ratios of students to teachers. As Smith (pp.74-80) argues, in most current schools, teachers have to work extra hard to meet all learners’ needs, something that has burdened teachers. This is because, currently there is an influx of students in many elementary and middle level schools; hence the small number of teachers cannot meet their demands effectively or as dictated by professional ethics. In addition, the fact that majority of these classrooms have mixed learners in terms of capabilities and handicaps compounds the factor, hence making professional development a harder task for most educators. on the other hand, considering the fact that most elementary schools have many integrated subject hipped in one curriculum makes specialisation a harder task; hence, a great impediment to professionalisation. Primarily, specialisation involves the division of work when it comes to teaching duties and attending to specific learner needs, which currently is hard to achieve in many school settings. The problem of specialisation results due to poor administrative systems, a factor that denies educators freedoms of formulating workable plans that will suit learners needs as specific times and needs. This is a problem that governments can avoid by giving teachers their required autonomy and freedoms as pertains policy development and implementation. In addition to the wide gap that exists between the number of students and teachers, the economic condition of a government or society also acts as another major influence on professionalisation of education. Majority of nation states allocate very dismal funds to their educational programs, or in some cases, although the resource allocations are sufficient to meet educational needs, little goes to educational professional development. Hence, because the professionalisation process requires sufficient funds; that are scarce, most of the initiatives to professionalise education fail; hence, the infl uence of economic viability and status of a country on professionalisation of education. On the other hand, education is worthless if it cannot meet the society needs. Hence, due to varying societal needs (that are un-satiable), professinalising education has become a hard task due to influences societies have on the organisation of educational programmes, policy formulation and their implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, to ensure education continues meeting the ever changing societal needs, there is need to professionalise it. This is because it will give teachers the autonomy to decide on meaningful experiences that policy makers must include in the process of curriculum development and implementation. In addition to giving teachers autonomy, it is necessary for governments to allow teachers to form independent bodies that will handle their discrepancies whenever they arise. For these bodies to function properly, they must be free from any governmental influences, something t hat has made education professionalisation a hard thing. Clark, Nelson and Kasar, Jack. Developing professional behaviour. New Jersey: Slack Incorporated, 2000. Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=WrPiVD39XBwCpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=meaning+of+professionalismsource=blots=HxpfaJxiuDsig=WLlfxQ8QUCMxMc_UWtZcooJsRZohl=enei=2BVpS6mBCIuy0gTSrYyxCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CCoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=meaning%20of%20professionalismf=false Cunningham, Brian. Exploring professionalism. London: Institute of education, 2008. Print. Mawhinney, Hanne. School wars or school transformation: professionalizing Teaching and involving communities. Peabody journal of education, 73(1) (1998). 34-55. Web. jstor.org/stable/1493286 Robson, Jocelyn. Teacher professionalism in further and higher education:  challenges to Culture and practice. Oxon: Routledge Taylor and Francis group, 2006. Web.2Feb.2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=UF3dfUpdlCECdq=professionalism+in+educationprintsec=frontcoverso urce=inhl=enei=_Q9pS83pL4GI0wTN6ZGhCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=11ved=0CC8Q6AEwCg#v=onepageq=f=false Siriwardena, Rashid. The professionalization of education and educators in Postgraduate Medicine. Education for Primary Care, 16(3) (2005): pp.235-245. Print Smith, Selby. Some factors affecting the education of teachers in the state of Victoria, Australia. International Review of Education, 15 (1). (2005): 74-83. Print. Whitehead, Maurice and Hartley, David. Teacher education: professionalism  and Teacher education. New York: Routledge; Taylor and Francis group,2006, Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=4ISNOs3PnywCpg=PA142lpg=PA142dq=education+professionalizationsource=blots=856vpFFX8Esig=oweeNCy878b7Yyd6D8UkQpraDd8hl=enei=yk5pS8bCB5KTjAed5bnBCQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CCQQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=education%20professionalizationf=false Whitty, Geoff. Teacher professionalism in a new era. 12 March. 2006. Web. http://66.102.9.132/search?q=cache:pbpbegbX5R4J:www.gt cni.org.uk/uploads/docs/GTCNI%2520Paper.doc+professionalism+in+educationcd=5hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/workshop/tesee/dokumenti/erasmus013-oth-enl-t03.pdf

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project Essay

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project - Essay Example 8% range for 30-year mortgages, possibly even higher, on or near the second quarter of 2008, so by seeing this situation we have to plan in such a way that the overall project gets a success. The basic aim of this section is to estimate the project cost for the overall project activities. I have decided to divide the project into different section and then estimate each sub task. As I have researched about this way of estimating turns out to be more effective and accurate. My basic aim is to divide the project to root level and estimate the each sub task of this project In this process of estimation I have tried to streamline each aspect of the home construction and incorporate each vital task so that the overall estimation turns out to be accurate. I have estimated the cost $ 25100. An order of magnitude estimates for this project as I have accessed is $ 26000 is approximately. Now we can apply for loan in a couple of local banks to pre-qualify us for the loan(s) we shall need for the project. Now I will present the task responsibility matrix for the overall project activities. Here I will present the main team members name and their responsibilities regarding the project activities. I have accessed these activities from the WBS. Now in this section I will present the Gantt chart of this project. I have used MS Project for this purpose. MS Project is project management tool for different project management activities. I have allocated estimated time to each project activity and ensured that each task have enough time for overall completion of that task. This house is selling for $230,000 and the land costs $30,000, then the construction cost is around $200,000. The home is 2,000 square feet, and then the cost per square foot is $100. This house has kitchen, two bed rooms, a lawn and total 5 rooms. This house is selling for $100,000 and the land costs $50,000, then the construction cost is around $150,000. The home is 5000 square feet, and then the cost per

Anatomical features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anatomical features - Essay Example The â€Å"Lucy† skeleton found at hadar Ethiopia and Dikika also found in Ethiopia. Other features like Footprints and others discovered by paleoanthropologist proved that certain creatures lived on earth millions of years ago before we were born. Australopithecus afarensis is one of the extinct creatures discovered by Paleoanthropologists. Its remains were found in Ethiopia and it lived between close to 4 million years ago (Walter 2002). It was slenderly built. It is believed that A. afarensis was more closely related to modern human species, Homo sapiens The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) found by Donald Johanson and colleagues (Esteban 2007). In life, Lucy had a height of roughly 1.1 meters and its weight was about 30 kilograms. Lucys skeleton gave signs that she was bipedal. The shape of lucys pelvis was a good reason to believe that she was bipedal. Another proves is femurs angle from hip socket to the knee joint, her skull was the same size as that of a chimpanzee (Esteban 2007). Lucy had one pelvic bone and made it difficult to tell the gender The feet of Lucy were far apart, and each hind leg descends straight to the ground beneath the hip socket. The tibiae drop straight to the ground. Lucy teeth were resemblance to that of modern human. She had canine same size like that of human being. Fingers were curved in such away that it suggests they grasp branches as they climb. Its iliac blades were short and seem wide. Its sacrum was wide and positioned directly behind the hip joint. Lucy had had much smaller and more v-shaped jaws. The footprints found in volcanic ash were similar to features of human leg phalanges and proved o be a creature similar to human. Ardipithecus is a fossil hominoid, described by its discoverers as a very early hominin genus. Aramidus lived about 4.4 million years ago. It was Like

By closely reading and analyzing the twoworks by the same author, Essay

By closely reading and analyzing the twoworks by the same author, discuss what lterary devises. e.g metaphor, imagery, symbolism - Essay Example Marriage brought with it the name ‘Kate Chopin,’ which is how she is popularly known among people all over the world. It is true that she used her stories as a medium to communicate her feelings and thoughts like other writers, however, her writings were also a way for her to vent out her depression, which she suffered as a result of loss of her family members, especially the death of her mother and husband. Thus, the nineteenth century feminist author, Kate Chopin, uses various literary devices such as imagery, irony, metaphor, simile, symbolism etc in her works ‘The Storm’ and ‘The Story of an Hour,’ in order to achieve a perfection in the art of her storytelling as well as to guide her readers into the world of her fictional characters, and on a deeper level, to convey to the mass audience the internal strife and struggles in the minds of the women kept suppressed by themselves in the patriarchal society they lived in. The Storm and The Story of an Hour are two of Kate Chopin’s best short stories, where the former portrays the central female character Calixta taking on a ‘supposedly’ immoral role of nurturing an extra marital affair with an old friend, and the latter depicts the protagonist Mrs. Mallard’s â€Å"dramatic hour of awakening into selfhood† (Jamil 215). ... In the beginning of the story, Chopin starts with throwing a clue to the readers about her protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, suffering from â€Å"heart trouble,† which depicts the technique of foreshadowing (Evans). Had not Chopin mentioned the heart problem of Mrs. Mallard before, the story would crumble apart without any real connection and the protagonist’s death at the end cannot be justified at all. Thus, with the help of foreshadowing, the author hints her readers of an even that may happen further on in the story, as with people who suffer from heart problems, it is really difficult to say when they would get a stroke. Although Mrs. Mallard feels upset and cries at the news of her husband’s death, she soon goes to her room and locks herself up. While her sister, Josephine, thinks she is trying to make herself ill, the protagonist is actually under the trance of her new found freedom, one where she is no longer under the control of her husband. Thus, with the use of irony by way of Josephine’s concern for Louise Mallard, Chopin emphasizes more on profound joy and sense of relief that Louise now feels at the terrible news. It is this sense of freedom which enables Louise to drink a â€Å"very elixir of life† at the time, whereas both her sister and her husband’s friend, Richard, think she is in total despair and is drowned in misery due to her husband’s death (Deneau 210). So the readers first see that contrary to women’s usual reaction to their husband’s deaths, Louise does not go into denial or, as the author states, a â€Å"paralyzed inability to accept its signi?cance,† rather, she accepts it and starts

Prefrontal Cortex The Very Front Of The Brain Psychology Essay

Prefrontal Cortex The Very Front Of The Brain Psychology Essay The Prefrontal Cortex is the very front of the brain, located right beneath the forehead and is the anterior region of the frontal lobe. The prefrontal cortex is a very important area in the brain and is the most susceptible to injury. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for the functions of decision making, whether right or wrong, working memory, personality expression and cognitive behaviors. The prefrontal cortex has major neurotransmitters that are involved directly in its proper functioning for example, glutamate and dopamine. The prefrontal cortex can be affected by diseases for example, Parkinsons disease and Schizophrenia. The prefrontal cortex is among the last regions of the brain to develop therefore its functions and disorders are still being researched. The prefrontal lobe is connected to the anterior region of the frontal lobe. The prefrontal lobe volume increases slowly until the age of eight, then a prefrontal growth spurt increases in between the ages of eight and fourteen years. In contrast with other brain areas the prefrontal cortex is one of the last region to development therefore the functions and disorders are not immediately apparent (Kanemura 195). As studied in an experiment called the Somatic Marker Hypothesis one can infer some of the prefrontal cortex functions. Although these experiments have been performed the results do not apply to the entire prefrontal cortex. A prefrontal cortex function in the human brain is decision making and human reasoning. Some of the decision making depends on consciousness and overt cognition where as others do not. Those processes that depend on conscious and cognition are dependent on the sensory images that are directly coordinated to the early activity of cortices. All of the dependent processes of consciousness and cognition regardless of the imagery are dependent on support processes for example, attention and working memory. Further studies demonstrate that damage to the prefrontal cortex prohibits the use of the somatic signals necessary for guiding decision making in an advantageous direction (Bechara 428). In addition to decision making being a main function working memory is equally an important function. These functions have been assessed and results demonstrate that their functions come from different and distinct areas of the prefrontal cortex. While decision making processes occur in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, working memory processes occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Short-term memory is the type of working memory in relationship to prefrontal cortex (Humana Press 204) Prefrontal Cortex Neurotransmitters A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance released by neurons that send nerve impulses from one cell to the next in the nervous system. A major neurotransmitter in the prefrontal cortex is Glutamate. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is the most abundant amino acid in the diet. In the prefrontal cortex glutamate is associated with cognitive function. In schizophrenic patients abnormal levels of glutamate impair cognitive function. Another major neurotransmitter involved in the function of the prefrontal cortex is dopamine. Dopamine is commonly associated with parts of the brain that stimulate pleasure, which provide enjoyment and reinforcement to enforce a person proactively to perform certain activities. Reduced levels of dopamine impair working memory in the prefrontal cortex (Damasio 1413). Diseases that affect the Prefrontal Cortex Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia are two diseases that affect the prefrontal cortex. In both of the disorders the reduction of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex impairs working memory. Conversely, increasing dopamine levels in patients with these diseases improves their performance of test that utilizes their working memory. Parkinsons disease has been considered a paradigm of degenerative diseases of the nervous system characterized by motor impairment due to malfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Recent clinical data shows modifications in behavior, personalilty changes, and cognitive impairment that lead to dementia. (Ferrer 89) Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. In Schizophrenia working memory and cognitive deficits are in association with prefrontal cortex dysfunction. (Manoach 285) Conclusion In conclusion, the prefrontal cortex is an important region of the frontal lobe that functions in decision making, cognitive behaviors, working memory, and personality expression. The prefrontal lobe has major neurotransmitters that assist in the communication of impulses from cell to cell throughout the nervous system. The reduction of those neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex may lead to diseases that affect the important functions of the cortex. The prefrontal lobe is one of the last regions of the brain to develop therefore leaving scientist with many research questions about its functions and possible disorders it may cause.

Girlfight and Pumping Iron II :: Film Movies

Girlfight and Pumping Iron II Our society tends to define masculinity and femininity according to rigid gender norms that are learned at young ages. These norms are apparent in language, perceptions, behaviors and pastimes. Since sport is considered a great American pastime, it is a popular realm for the separation of the sexes and the creation of socially defined proper roles for women and men. Sports like bodybuilding and boxing have come to be viewed as masculine because they involve conventionally masculine traits such as strength and aggression. In contrast, sports such as gymnastics and ice-skating have come to be viewed as feminine because they involve conventionally feminine traits such as charm and grace. Thru documenting the lives of female athletes competing in non-traditional sports for their sex, the movies Girlfight and Pumping Iron II reveal certain social and cultural costs and benefits of gender norm defiance. Girlfight portrays the sport of boxing as the savior for a confused, misunderstood and quite angry teenager who is spiraling down a path of self-destruction. Diana Guzman, the protagonist of the movie, finds discipline, self-respect, balance and love in the most unexpected of places- the boxing ring. By competing, and eventually succeeding in a sport that is not generally a welcome endeavor for females, Diana is able to transcend the bitter world outside the boxing ring and feel senses of acceptance, empowerment, pride, confidence, self-fulfillment and accomplishment. Her unconventional success is a form of communication. She shows young women and men everywhere that it is okay to hit or throw, "like a girl", and that beauty can come in many different forms. The same is true for Rachel McLish, Carla Dunlap, Lori Bowen and Bev Francis, the bodybuilders in Pumping Iron II. Their small victories in the gym and on the stage become larger victories in the fight for gender equality. Their biceps bulge out of their bikinis and cry, "We can do it too!" Diana, Rachel, Carla, Lori and Bev serve as strong and powerful feminist role models who believe in themselves and their bodies, defy patriarchy and create rights of passages. However, these females' roads to success are not paved with gold. Diana runs into many macho traditionalists who believe that equality is "crap" and that her energies should be spent elsewhere. Her trainer initially doubts and underestimates her, telling her that, "It is not right. It's dangerous.

Social Smoking

One potentially important factor is social influence (Van den Putte, Yzer, & Brunsting, 2005), as this has been shown to be a significant predictor of the uptake of smoking (Kobus, 2003; Mayhem, Flay, & Mott, 2000). An important model which explicitly takes into account social influence and the role of the social environment is the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991). This theory proposes that people’s intentions to behave in particular ways are informed by three main factors: their personal attitude towards the behaviour; their perceptions of social pressure from significant others to perform the behaviour, or subjective norms; and the amount of control they believe they have over performing the behaviour, or perceived behavioural control. In the smoking domain, TPB variables have been shown to predict both quitting intentions (Abrams & Biener, 1992; Droomers, Schrijvers, & Mackenbach, 2004; Godin, Valois, Lepage, & Desharnais, 1992; Norman, Conner, & Bell, 1999) and actual quitting (Godin et al. , 1992; Norman et al. , 1999), as well as the uptake of smoking among adolescents (Wilkinson & Abraham, 2004). Of primary interest to the present study is the role of subjective norms. Out of the three main TPB variables, norms have generally been shown to have the weakest effect on intentions (Armitage & Conner, 2001; Godin & Kok, 1996). However, it has been argued that this is due to the poor measurement and inconsistent conceptualisation of norms (Armitage & Conner, 2001) or the lack of variation of norms within a culture at any point in time. Research by Wiium, Torsheim, and Wold (2006) demonstrated that different kinds of norms differentially influence intentions and behaviour, and argued that the assessment of different kinds of norms in the TPB model can both extend the concept of ‘norm’ and improve its predictive power. In the present study we distinguish between norms from significant others (i. e. erceptions of what significant others believe about smoking) and societal norms (i. e. perceptions of what society in general believes about smoking). In this respect, we depart from previous smoking research that has treated these kinds of norms as two components of a higher order social norm (e. g. Hammond, Fong, Zanna, Thrasher, & Borland, 2006). We argue that it is important to distinguish between these two sources of normative influence, as individuals’ perceptions of the broader social desirability of smoking may differ from their perceptions of what their significant others believe. This distinction is particularly important when examining cultures that have quite different normative environments regarding smoking. In some countries, such as Australia and the USA, smoking has become a socially undesirable behaviour. This has occurred, at least partially, through decades of communication about the harms of smoking and a range of tobacco control policies, including the reduced capacity of tobacco companies to promote their products, health warnings on cigarette packs, and restrictions on where smoking is permitted. However, the social undesirability of smoking is not a global phenomenon. Some countries, such as Malaysia, have had a comparatively tobacco-friendly environment, with a relative lack of strongly enforced tobacco control policies and a higher prevalence of smoking than in many Western countries, at least among men. Nevertheless, individual Malaysian smokers’ families and close social networks may still disapprove of smoking. Thus, it is of interest to examine the relative influence of these two potentially opposing smoking norms on quitting intentions in different countries.

Dangerous Liaisons Vs. Cruel Intentions Essays - Free Essays

Dangerous Liaisons Vs. Cruel Intentions Essays - Free Essays Dangerous Liaisons Vs. Cruel Intentions It is my intention to compare the book, Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos, to its modern movie version, Cruel Intentions starring Sarah Michelle Gellar. I intend to examine how the original French text was modified in reference to plot, character, morals/values, and themes. I also plan to discuss how these transformations change the meaning of the story and reflect different cultural/historical contexts. There are some major differences between these two works, if only because of when they were written. First, the plots of both works need to be discussed and explained how they are different. The stories of both works have basically the same structure, until it gets toward the endings. In Dangerous Liaisons, the Vicomte de Valmont dies in a sword battle between him and Danceny. Right before he dies, though, he gives Danceny all of his letters between him and the Marquise de Merteuil and tells him to circulate them in order to ruin Merteuils reputation. Danceny does this and then moves away for a while. Merteuil ends up becoming disfigured from small pox and her reputation crumbles. She moves to Holland because of this. Cecile moves back into the convent and Madame de Tourvel dies of misery because of the suffering that Valmont put her through. Because Cruel Intentions is such a modernized version of this story, the ending is a lot different. Sebastian (Valmont) dies by being hit by a car because he pushed Annette (Tourvel) out of the way in order to save her life. Obviously, this is a much more modern way of dying in a movie than dying in a sword fight. Also, it shows the Valmont character as being more heroic, which in Dangerous Liaisons, he was not quite so heroic. In the movie, it does not really say what happens to Ronald (Danceny). He fights with Sebastian, and that is the last we see of him. Catherine (Merteuil), like in the book, also has her reputation ruined, but she gets humiliated in a more dramatic way (in front of the student body and faculty). Also, there is the issue of drugs. Her addiction to cocaine is revealed. The use of drugs is a common issue in todays modern movies, and that is one of the reasons Cruel Intentions is different in terms of its cultural context. Cecile and Annette (Tourvel) worked togeth er to produce copies of Sebastians journal, which revealed Catherines true self, and they handed them out to the student body and faculty. Cecile directly gets revenge on Catherine. In Dangerous Liaisons, she does not. This also relates to cultural context. It shows how more independent women are in the modern world. In Dangerous Liaisons, Tourvel dies of misery and Cecile goes into the convent. This shows that women were much weaker and less independent in society in the late 1700s. The last scene in the movie shows Annette driving off in Sebastians expensive car. This is a typical ending to a modern story. In the book, her character dies, but in the movie, she is the vengeful, independent woman. It is apparent that the morals and values of both works change because of their cultural and historical context. Dangerous Liaisons was basically written to teach young women in society what not to do. This kind of literature was looked down upon at the time it was written. In 1824 a decree of the cour royale de Paris condemned it to be destroyed as dangerous. This verdict remained the official one throughout the later nineteenth century. The book was spoken of only to be deplored: a picture of the most odious immortality, that should never have been revealed even supposing it had been true, a work of revolting immorality, a book to be admired and execrated.(Laclos, p. 7) It was considered to be an immoral book. The movie was made mainly for entertainment purposes. Since we basically live in an immoral society, it was well accepted as a good movie. Although the schemes that Catherine and Sebastian thought up and carried out were at times blown out of proportion, I think todays audience is entertained by that sort of character. Catherine and Sebastian were the kinds of people that probably do

Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Essay Example

Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Essay Example Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Paper Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Paper Imagine that you were depressed and didn’t talk about your problems. You find out that art is a way that you can express your feelings. In the novel Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson, Melinda expresses her emotions through her artwork. Melinda’s art shows how she grew when she spoke through art. Melinda’s artwork shows how unpleasant her life is. After the pep rally when Melinda was knocked down the bleachers. She drew an art project in Mr. Freemans class and says Ive been painting watercolors of trees that have been hit by lightning. I try to paint them so they are nearly dead, but not totally (Anderson 30-31).The trees that Melinda is painting are getting struck by lightning. The lightning that struck her is all of the kids at school who make fun of her and her ex-friends that ignore her.Melinda and the tree are both getting hurt in some way. Next, when Melindas in Mr.Freemans art class and tries to make her tree look real. â€Å"But when I try to carve it, it looks like a dead tree, toothpicks, a child’s drawing. I can’t bring it to life. I‘d love to give it up. Quit. But I can’t think of anything else to do, so I keep chipping away at it† (Anderson 78).Melinda carving the linoleum block symbolizes her social status. Her status ri ght now is going down hill just like her drawing, and she wants to give up, butshe doesn’t because there nothing else to do. Melindas art shows how she was not doing so well in school. Melindas artwork represents the progress that she has made. When Melinda was in biology she draws a picture. While in biology class Melinda is passing her notebook back and forth with David and she draws a picture of Ms. Keen as a robin and David draws a branch under her feet and slides the notebook back to me. and she tries to connect the branch to a tree. It looks pretty good, better than anything I have drawn so far in art† (anderson 109-110). This shows how in order for her tree to grow s

Negligence Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Negligence Law - Essay Example Stevenson.4 This is the seminal case which changed the nature of duty. In this case, the plaintiff found a slug in her ginger beer and sued the proprietor of the store who sold this. The justice stated that duty would be broadly defined, in that anybody who might be harmed by the tortfeasor are people to whom the tortfeasor owes a duty. Therefore, privity is not required. Capraro v. Dickman5 expanded on the Donoghue analysis, stating that duty of care is required when there is foreseeable harm, proximity between the parties and that holding the tortfeasor liable would be reasonable and just. Breach is the next element that needs to be proved. Basically, negligence turns on whether or not the duty of care is breached. According to Bolton v. Stone6 states that the injury must be foreseeable for there to be a breach. In that case, the plaintiff was hit by a cricket ball. However, it was not foreseeable that a cricket ball would fly out of the arena and hit a remote person, therefore, th e injury was not foreseeable and the defendants were held not be negligent and did not breach a duty of care. Overseas Tankship v. Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd7 also illustrates this point. In Overseas, the defendants were allowing oil to spill out on water, and they were also sending sparks into the oil on the water. The oil ignited. However, the Overseas court held that the it was not foreseeable for water to ignite, therefore the defendants were not held liable. Causation is the next element. There is direct causation, which means that the defendant directly caused injury, and proximate causation. In proximate causation, the tortfeasor may not have directly caused the injury, but the injury was related to the tortfeasor's actions. defendant’s actions. Courts will classically use the â€Å"but for† test for causation, which means that, but for the defendant's negligence, the injury would not have occurred. Several cases may illustrate how this is applied, or not applied, as the case may be. Courts will not apply hold a defendant negligent if the injury would have occurred anyway, even if there was no negligence. For instance, in the case of South Australia Asset Management Corp. v. York Montague Ltd., a classic example of this type of injury was stated – a mountaineer is about to go on a difficult climb, but is worried about his knee. His doctor negligently examines the mountain climber and tells him he is fit to climb. The climber goes on his climb and is injured. But for the negligent medical examination the climber would not have been on the mountain climb. However, the actual injury has nothing to do with the knee – perhaps the climber is struck by a falling rock on the climb. In this situation, the doctor isn't liable for negligence, even though the climber would never have been injured but for the doctor's negligence. Another example of injury or death which might be held to be result of negligence, but was deemed not t o be the proximate cause of the death is the case of Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee. 8 In this case, a man went to an emergency room but was told to go home and call his doctor. He died of arsenic poisoning. It was held,

Family Culture and Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family Culture and Tradition - Essay Example ctivities like chores, hobbies or classes that may be associated with the opposite gender and being treated as equals no matter what age or gender have inculcated in all of us strong values that we carry out in our own lives as adults. One tradition we have is sticking to a daily routine as much as we can. I clearly remember, at 6:00 every weekday morning, alarm clocks ring in our bedrooms. As my siblings and I come down to the kitchen, dressed for school, we see our mother busily preparing breakfast for all of us. Like in any other family, this is the time when everyone is in a hurry as we race around the house to get what we need for school. Our parents, on the other hand, prepare for work. Our father drops us off in school before going to the office. Our mother is left at home as she cleans up the mess we have left behind before she herself goes to work. We all have our own different schedules during the day. After school, my siblings and I proceed to our own activities – ballet, art class, violin lesson and karate class. We all have a full day before assembling back home when we arrive at different times. We children rest in front of the television or take a nap in our rooms, then do our chores and homework. We take turns helping out in the kitchen as our parents prepare dinner. Even our parents take turns cooking dinner with Mom cooking on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and Dad cooking on Tuesdays and Thursdays. On weekends, we all pitch in cooking our meals or eat out. We usually have dinner together at 7:30. At the dinner table, everyone shares what happened to them during the day. Another special tradition we have at the dinner table is talking about our ‘up’ times and our ‘down’ times referring to the good and bad things that happened to us during the day. Sometimes, our talks are serious, but most of the time, we laugh and have fun with each other’s company. The dinner conversations we have keep us all updated with each other’s lives. I